Antihypertensive Class

Amiloride

Brand: Midamor (US/EU) / Amifru (IN) / Amilor (BD)

Subclass: Potassium-sparing diuretic (Sodium channel blocker)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Hyperkalemia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue

Amlodipine

Brand: Norvasc (US/EU) / Amlopres (IN) / Amlodip (BD)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Dihydropyridine)

PK: t½ 35 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

mild
AE: Pedal edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, palpitations

Atenolol

Brand: Tenormin

Subclass: Beta-blocker

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Bradycardia, fatigue, cold extremities, depression

Bisoprolol

Brand: Zebeta (US/EU) / Bisocor (IN) / Concor (IN/BD)

Subclass: Beta-1 selective blocker

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, sleep disturbance

Candesartan

Brand: Atacand (US/EU) / Candesar (IN) / Candebloc (IN) / Candesar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 32 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension; rare renal function changes

Captopril

Brand: Capoten (US/EU) / Captol (IN) / Captopril (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (short-acting)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 150 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, skin rash, dysgeusia (metallic taste), hypotension, angioedema

Carvedilol

Brand: Coreg (US/EU) / Carloc (IN) / Dilatrend (BD)

Subclass: Alpha and beta blocker

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Hypotension, bradycardia, dizziness, fatigue, orthostatic symptoms

Clonidine

Brand: Catapres (US/EU) / Arkamin (IN) / Clonid (BD)

Subclass: Centrally acting α₂-adrenergic agonist

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 0.9 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, dry mouth, bradycardia, rebound hypertension, constipation

Diltiazem

Brand: Cardizem (US/EU) / Angizem (IN) / Dilzem (BD)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Benzothiazepine)

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 360 day

moderate
AE: Edema, bradycardia, headache, flushing, hypotension

Enalapril

Brand: Vasotec (US/EU) / Enam (IN) / Enapril (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (prodrug)

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, hypotension, rare angioedema

Furosemide

Brand: Lasix (US/EU) / Lasilactone (IN) / Furodex (BD)

Subclass: Loop diuretic

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 600 day

severe
AE: Dehydration, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, ototoxicity, hypotension

Hydralazine

Brand: Apresoline (US/EU) / Hydrin (IN) / Hydral (BD)

Subclass: Direct vasodilator (Arteriolar)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Headache, flushing, tachycardia, edema, lupus-like syndrome

Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Microzide (US/EU) / Esidrex (IN) / HCTZ (BD)

Subclass: Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, dizziness

Labetalol

Brand: Trandate (US/EU) / Labeta (IN) / Labocard (BD)

Subclass: Combined α₁ + β blocker

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1200 day

moderate
AE: Postural hypotension (esp. after IV), fatigue, bradycardia, nasal congestion, scalp tingling

Lisinopril

Brand: Zestril (US/EU) / Lisoril (IN) / Lisonorm (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (not a prodrug)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, hypotension, rare angioedema

Lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Zestoretic

Subclass: ACEI + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Cough, dizziness, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia

Losartan

Brand: Cozaar (US/EU) / Losar (IN) / Losakind (IN) / Lorista (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia (less than ACEIs), renal function changes; rare angioedema

Losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Hyzaar

Subclass: ARB + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Hypotension, dizziness, hyperkalemia, electrolyte imbalance

Methyldopa

Brand: Aldomet (US/EU) / Dopamet (IN) / Methyldop (BD)

Subclass: Centrally acting α₂-adrenergic agonist (Prodrug)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 2000 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, dry mouth, fatigue, hemolytic anemia, hepatic dysfunction

Metoprolol

Brand: Lopressor (US/EU) / Metocard (IN) / Betaloc (IN) / Metoprolol (BD)

Subclass: Beta-1 selective blocker

PK: t½ 3.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue

Minoxidil

Brand: Loniten (US/EU) / Mintop (IN) / Regain (BD)

Subclass: Direct vasodilator (Potassium channel opener)

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

severe
AE: Edema, tachycardia, hypertrichosis, pericardial effusion

Moxonidine

Brand: Physiotens (EU) / Moxcent (IN) / Moxon (BD)

Subclass: Imidazoline receptor agonist (centrally acting)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 0.6 day

mild
AE: Dry mouth, headache, dizziness, fatigue, bradycardia

Nebivolol

Brand: Bystolic (US/EU) / Nebicard (IN) / Nebilet (BD)

Subclass: Beta-1 selective blocker with vasodilatory action

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Headache, dizziness, fatigue, bradycardia, paresthesia

Nifedipine

Brand: Adalat (US/EU) / Nicardia (IN) / Nifedip (BD)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Dihydropyridine)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 120 day

moderate
AE: Headache, flushing, dizziness, ankle edema, reflex tachycardia

Olmesartan

Brand: Benicar (US/EU) / Olkem (IN) / Olsar (IN) / Olmesar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension; rare sprue-like enteropathy presenting as chronic diarrhea

Olmesartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Benicar HCT

Subclass: ARB + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Hypotension, dizziness, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia

Perindopril

Brand: Coversyl (US/EU) / Perigard (IN) / Perilace (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (prodrug, long-acting)

PK: t½ 30 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 8 day

moderate
AE: Cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, rare angioedema

Perindopril + Indapamide

Brand: Coversyl Plus

Subclass: ACE Inhibitor + Thiazide-like diuretic

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hypotension, hyponatremia

Prazosin

Brand: Minipress (US/EU) / Prazopress (IN) / Prazo (BD)

Subclass: Selective α₁-adrenergic blocker

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Postural hypotension, dizziness, headache, palpitations, nasal congestion

Propranolol

Brand: Inderal (US/EU) / Ciplar (IN) / Propranolol (BD)

Subclass: Non-selective beta blocker

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 320 day

severe
AE: Fatigue, bradycardia, bronchospasm, sleep disturbance, vivid dreams

Ramipril

Brand: Altace (US/EU) / Ramipres (IN) / Ramiace (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (prodrug)

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, renal function changes, angioedema (rare but serious)

Reserpine

Brand: Serpalan (US/EU) / Respin (IN) / Reserpine (BD)

Subclass: Adrenergic neuron blocker

PK: t½ 100 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 0.5 day

severe
AE: Depression, nasal congestion, diarrhea, bradycardia, sedation, peptic ulcer exacerbation

Spironolactone

Brand: Aldactone (US/EU) / Sactone (IN) / Spironol (BD)

Subclass: Potassium-sparing diuretic (Aldosterone antagonist)

PK: t½ 1.4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, fatigue, dizziness

Telmisartan

Brand: Micardis (US/EU) / Telma (IN) / Telsartan (IN) / Telsar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 24 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 80 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, mild GI upset; rare angioedema

Telmisartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Micardis HCT

Subclass: ARB + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 24 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Hyperkalemia, dizziness, renal impairment, hyponatremia

Valsartan

Brand: Diovan (US/EU) / Valzaar (IN) / Valsar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 320 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension; rare angioedema

Verapamil

Brand: Calan (US) / Isoptin (IN/BD) / Covera-HS (EU)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Phenylalkylamine)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 480 day

moderate
AE: Constipation, bradycardia, AV block, hypotension, dizziness