All Drugs

Abciximab

Brand: ReoPro (US/EU) / Abcixirel (IN) / Abximab (IN) / Reopro (BD)

Subclass: GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (IV, monoclonal antibody)

PK: t½ 0.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia, hypotension, allergic reactions

Abemaciclib

Brand: Verzenio

Subclass: CDK4/6 inhibitor

PK: t½ 18 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

severe
AE: Diarrhoea, neutropenia, fatigue

Acenocoumarol

Brand: Acitrom / Sintrom / Nicoumalone

Subclass: Vitamin K antagonist

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 6 day

severe
AE: Bleeding (GI/intracranial), skin necrosis (rare in protein C/S deficiency), INR variability, teratogenicity

Acetaminophen

Brand: Paracetamol / Tylenol

Subclass: Analgesic / Antipyretic

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 4000 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, rash, elevated Liver enzymes (ALT/AST) at high dose, rare genetic susceptibility (defective glutathione metabolism → NAPQI accumulation)

Adalimumab

Brand: Humira / Exemptia / Hyrimoz

Subclass: TNF-alpha inhibitor (human mAb)

PK: t½ 14 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

severe
AE: Injection-site reactions, serious infections (TB, fungal), malignancy risk (lymphoma), hepatitis B reactivation, cytopenias

Adenosine

Brand: Adenocard (US/EU)

Subclass: Antiarrhythmic (AV nodal blocker)

PK: t½ 0.0028 hours | Clearance: other

life-threatening
AE: Transient asystole, flushing, chest discomfort, dyspnea

Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine

Brand: Kadcyla (global) / T-DM1 (IN/BD)

Subclass: HER2 ADC (trastuzumab + DM1)

PK: t½ 96 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

severe
AE: Hepatotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuropathy, pneumonitis

Adrenaline

Brand: EpiPen / Adrenaline Injection 1:1000

Subclass: Alpha & Beta adrenergic agonist

PK: t½ 0.033 hours | Clearance: mixed

severe
AE: Palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, tremor, arrhythmias

Afatinib

Brand: Giotrif (global) / Afatinib (IN/BD)

Subclass: EGFR/HER2 irreversible TKI

PK: t½ 37 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Rash, diarrhoea, stomatitis

Albendazole

Subclass: Benzimidazole anthelmintic

PK: t½ 8 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 800 day

moderate
AE: - Elevated liver enzymes - Nausea, abdominal pain - Headache - Rarely bone marrow suppression in long-term use

Alectinib

Brand: Alecensa (global)

Subclass: ALK inhibitor (2nd generation)

PK: t½ 32.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1200 day

moderate
AE: Constipation, myalgia, elevated CPK, hepatotoxicity

Alprazolam

Brand: Xanax (US/EU) / Restyl (IN) / Alzolam (BD)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine anxiolytic (GABA-A positive allosteric modulator)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 4 day

severe
AE: Sedation, impaired judgment, memory impairment, dependency, withdrawal seizures

Amantadine

Brand: Symmetrel (US/EU) / Amanex (IN) / Amaflex (BD)

Subclass: NMDA receptor antagonist

PK: t½ 16 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Livedo reticularis (mottled skin), ankle edema, confusion, dizziness

Amiloride

Brand: Midamor (US/EU) / Amifru (IN) / Amilor (BD)

Subclass: Potassium-sparing diuretic (Sodium channel blocker)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Hyperkalemia, nausea, vomiting, headache, fatigue

Amiodarone

Brand: Cordarone/Pacerone (US/EU) / Amiodar (IN/BD)

Subclass: Class III antiarrhythmic

PK: t½ 50 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

life-threatening
AE: Pulmonary fibrosis, thyroid dysfunction, hepatotoxicity, corneal deposits, skin discoloration

Amitriptyline

Brand: Elavil (US/EU) / Tryptomer (IN) / Amitone (BD)

Subclass: TCA (Tricyclic antidepressant)

PK: t½ 25 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 150 day

severe
AE: Anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention), sedation, orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmia risk

Amlodipine

Brand: Norvasc (US/EU) / Amlopres (IN) / Amlodip (BD)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Dihydropyridine)

PK: t½ 35 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

mild
AE: Pedal edema, flushing, headache, dizziness, palpitations

Amoxicillin

Brand: Amoxil (US/EU) / Mox (IN) / Moxacillin (BD)

Subclass: Aminopenicillin

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 3000 day

moderate
AE: Rash, diarrhea, hypersensitivity

Amoxicillin + Clavulanate

Brand: Augmentin (US/EU/IN) / Amoxyclav (IN) / Clavam (BD)

Subclass: Aminopenicillin + β-lactamase inhibitor

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 3000 day

moderate
AE: Diarrhea, rash, elevated LFTs (more likely than amoxicillin alone), cholestatic jaundice

Anastrozole

Brand: Arimidex (global)

Subclass: Aromatase inhibitor

PK: t½ 50 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1 day

moderate
AE: Bone loss, hot flashes, arthralgias

Apixaban

Brand: Eliquis (US/EU) / Apigat (IN) / Apixava (BD)

Subclass: NOAC / DOAC (Xa inhibitor)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Bleeding (especially GI), anemia, rare hypersensitivity

Apomorphine

Brand: Apokyn (US) / Apo-Go (EU/IN/BD)

Subclass: Dopamine agonist (non-ergot, rescue injection)

PK: t½ 0.6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 6 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, hypotension, yawning, somnolence, injection-site nodules

Argatroban

Brand: Argatroban (US/EU) / Argihope (IN) / Argiprax (IN) / Argatro (BD)

Subclass: Direct thrombin inhibitor (parenteral)

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Bleeding, hypotension, infusion-related reactions, elevated INR during therapy

Artemether-Lumefantrine

Brand: Coartem / Artefan / generic AL

Subclass: ACT (artemisinin combination therapy)

PK: t½ 3 days | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Headache, dizziness, GI upset, palpitations; mild transient ECG changes (QT prolongation) possible.

Artesunate

Brand: Artesunate (IN/BD generic)

Subclass: Artemisinin derivative

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Generally well tolerated; transient neutropenia, mild liver enzyme elevation, rare delayed hemolysis after parenteral therapy.

Aspirin

Brand: Ecosprin / Ascard

Subclass: COX-1 inhibitor (irreversible)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 4000 day

severe
AE: GI irritation, dyspepsia, gastritis, peptic ulcer/bleeding risk, renal impairment (dose-dependent), tinnitus at toxic levels, metabolic acidosis in overdose, Reye's syndrome r…

Atenolol

Brand: Tenormin

Subclass: Beta-blocker

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Bradycardia, fatigue, cold extremities, depression

Atezolizumab

Brand: Tecentriq (global) / Atezolizumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

PK: t½ 648 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1200 day

life-threatening
AE: Immune-mediated pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies

Atovaquone–Proguanil

Brand: Malarone

Subclass: Mitochondrial ETC inhibitor + DHFR inhibitor

PK: t½ 48 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, headache, elevated liver enzymes, mouth ulcers (due to proguanil). Rare: hallucinations.

Atropine

Brand: Atropine Sulfate (global)

Subclass: Anticholinergic (muscarinic antagonist)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, tachycardia

Avelumab

Brand: Bavencio (global) / Avelumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

PK: t½ 156 hours | Clearance: other
Max Dose: 10 day

life-threatening
AE: Immune pneumonitis, hepatitis, colitis; infusion reactions common

Azathioprine

Brand: Imuran (US/EU) / Azoran (IN) / Azathioprine (BD)

Subclass: Thiopurine antimetabolite

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, infections

Azithromycin

Brand: Zithromax (US/EU) / Azee (IN) / Azithromycin (BD)

Subclass: Macrolide

PK: t½ 68 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, QT prolongation, elevated liver enzymes

Bedaquiline

Brand: Sirturo (global)

Subclass: Anti-TB (ATP synthase inhibitor)

PK: t½ 164 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

life-threatening
AE: QT prolongation, hepatotoxicity, nausea, arthralgia

Bevacizumab

Brand: Avastin (global) / Bevacizumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: VEGF monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 480 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 15 day

life-threatening
AE: Hypertension, proteinuria, arterial thromboembolism, GI perforation

Binimetinib

Brand: Mektovi (global)

Subclass: MEK inhibitor

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 90 day

severe
AE: Retinal pigment epithelial detachment, CPK elevations, hepatotoxicity, diarrhea

Bisoprolol

Brand: Zebeta (US/EU) / Bisocor (IN) / Concor (IN/BD)

Subclass: Beta-1 selective blocker

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, sleep disturbance

Bivalirudin

Brand: Angiomax (US/EU) / Bivasave (IN) / Bivacard (IN) / Bivaplex (BD)

Subclass: Direct thrombin inhibitor (parenteral, procedural)

PK: t½ 0.5 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Bleeding, hypotension, procedural hematoma

Brigatinib

Brand: Alunbrig (global)

Subclass: ALK inhibitor (2nd gen)

PK: t½ 26 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 180 day

severe
AE: Pneumonitis (early onset), hypertension, visual disturbances, hyperglycemia, myalgia

Budesonide

Brand: Entocort EC (US/EU) / Budenofalk (EU) / Budecort (IN) / Budesonide (BD)

Subclass: High first-pass glucocorticoid

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 9 day

moderate
AE: Adrenal suppression (less than prednisolone), edema, mood changes

Bupropion

Brand: Wellbutrin (US/EU) / Bupep (IN) / Buproton (BD)

Subclass: NDRI (Norepinephrine-Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor)

PK: t½ 21 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 450 day

severe
AE: Insomnia, agitation, tremor, dry mouth, seizures (dose dependent)

Cabergoline

Brand: Cabaser

Subclass: Dopamine agonist

PK: t½ 65 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, dizziness, hypotension

Calcium: Calcium carbonate

Subclass: Calcium supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Calcium: Calcium citrate

Subclass: Calcium supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Canagliflozin

Brand: Invokana (US/EU) / Cana (IN/BD)

Subclass: SGLT2 inhibitor

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Genital mycotic infection, polyuria, volume depletion, euglycemic DKA (rare), ↑fracture/amputation signal

Candesartan

Brand: Atacand (US/EU) / Candesar (IN) / Candebloc (IN) / Candesar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 32 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension; rare renal function changes

Cangrelor

Brand: Kengreal (US/EU) / Cangrelor (IN) / Kengreal (BD)

Subclass: P2Y12 inhibitor (IV, reversible, rapid onset)

PK: t½ 0.1 hours | Clearance: other

moderate
AE: Bleeding, hypotension, dyspnea

Capecitabine

Brand: Xeloda (global)

Subclass: Antimetabolite (oral prodrug of 5-FU)

PK: t½ 0.75 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome, mucositis, fatigue, cardiotoxicity (rare)

Capmatinib

Brand: Tabrecta (global)

Subclass: MET inhibitor

PK: t½ 6.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 800 day

moderate
AE: Peripheral edema, nausea, fatigue, photosensitivity, ILD/pneumonitis

Captopril

Brand: Capoten (US/EU) / Captol (IN) / Captopril (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (short-acting)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 150 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, skin rash, dysgeusia (metallic taste), hypotension, angioedema

Carbamazepine

Brand: Tegretol (US/EU) / Zeptol (IN) / Carbolith (BD)

Subclass: Sodium channel blocker

PK: t½ 15 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1200 day

severe
AE: Sedation, ataxia, dizziness, hyponatremia (SIADH), bone marrow suppression, rash

Carbidopa + Levodopa

Brand: Sinemet (US/EU) / Syndopa (IN) / Tidomet (BD)

Subclass: Dopamine precursor + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, dizziness, dyskinesias, hallucinations, orthostatic hypotension

Carboplatin

Brand: Paraplatin (global)

Subclass: Platinum compound (DNA crosslinker)

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Myelosuppression (especially thrombocytopenia), nausea/vomiting, less nephrotoxicity than cisplatin

Carvedilol

Brand: Coreg (US/EU) / Carloc (IN) / Dilatrend (BD)

Subclass: Alpha and beta blocker

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Hypotension, bradycardia, dizziness, fatigue, orthostatic symptoms

Cefalexin

Brand: Keflex (US/EU) / Cefakind (IN) / Cefalexin (BD)

Subclass: Cephalosporin 1st generation

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 4000 day

mild
AE: GI upset, rash, diarrhea

Cefepime

Brand: Maxipime (US/EU) / Cefepime (IN/BD)

Subclass: Cephalosporin 4th generation

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 6000 day

severe
AE: Neurotoxicity (encephalopathy, seizures) especially in renal impairment; diarrhea

Cefixime

Brand: Suprax (US/EU) / Taxim-O (IN) / Cef-3 (BD)

Subclass: Cephalosporin 3rd generation (oral)

PK: t½ 3.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Diarrhea, dyspepsia, mild hepatic enzyme rise

Ceftaroline

Brand: Teflaro (US/EU)

Subclass: Cephalosporin 5th generation (MRSA active)

PK: t½ 2.6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 1200 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, neutropenia, rash

Ceftriaxone

Brand: Rocephin (US/EU) / Ceftrion (IN/BD)

Subclass: Cephalosporin 3rd generation (parenteral)

PK: t½ 8 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 4000 day

severe
AE: Biliary sludging, diarrhea, injection-site pain

Cefuroxime

Brand: Zinacef (IV) / Ceftin (US/EU oral) / Cefurox (IN/BD)

Subclass: Cephalosporin 2nd generation

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 1500 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, diarrhea, rash

Celecoxib

Brand: Celebrex (global) / Oncoxel, Celcox (IN/BD common brands)

Subclass: Selective COX-2 inhibitor

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, edema, hypertension, rare hepatic injury, thrombotic risk

Cemiplimab

Brand: Libtayo (global)

Subclass: PD-1 monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 19 days | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Immune mediated pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies

Ceritinib

Brand: Zykadia (global)

Subclass: ALK inhibitor (2nd generation)

PK: t½ 1.7 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 450 day

moderate
AE: Severe GI toxicity (diarrhea, nausea), hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation, hyperglycemia

Certolizumab Pegol

Brand: Cimzia

Subclass: PEGylated anti–TNF-α antibody fragment (Fab’)

PK: t½ 14 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

severe
AE: Infections (TB, invasive fungal), injection reactions, hepatotoxicity, cytopenias, malignancy risk

Chloroquine

Brand: Nivaquine / generic chloroquine

Subclass: 4-aminoquinoline

PK: t½ 30 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2500 day

moderate
AE: Pruritus, GI upset, headache, visual disturbances, rare retinopathy, QT prolongation at high dose or IV use.

Chlorthalidone

Brand: Hygroton / Thalitone

Subclass: Thiazide-like diuretic

PK: t½ 50 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 25 day

moderate
AE: Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperuricemia

Cilostazol

Brand: Pletal (US/EU) / Cilacar (IN) / Cilodoc (IN) / Cilosta (BD)

Subclass: PDE-III inhibitor (antiplatelet + vasodilator)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

moderate
AE: Headache, palpitations, tachycardia, edema, diarrhea

Ciprofloxacin

Brand: Cipro (US/EU) / Cifran (IN) / Ciprogen (BD)

Subclass: Fluoroquinolone

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 1500 day

severe
AE: Tendonitis, tendon rupture, CNS effects, QT prolongation, dysglycemia

Cisplatin

Brand: Platinol (global)

Subclass: Platinum compound (DNA crosslinker)

PK: t½ 70 hours | Clearance: renal

severe
AE: Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, severe nausea/vomiting

Citalopram

Brand: Celexa (US) / Stalopam (IN) / Citadep (BD)

Subclass: SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 35 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: QT prolongation, sexual dysfunction, nausea, insomnia

Citicoline

Brand: CDP-Choline / Citicoline (various)

Subclass: Neuroprotective / cholinergic precursor

PK: t½ 56 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 2000 day

mild
AE: Headache, insomnia, nausea, diarrhea; rarely hypotension

Clarithromycin

Brand: Biaxin (US/EU) / Claribid (IN) / Claric (BD)

Subclass: Macrolide

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1000 day

severe
AE: GI upset, taste disturbance, QT prolongation

Clofazimine

Brand: Lamprene (global) / Clofaz (IN/BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (riminophenazine)

PK: t½ 70 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Skin discoloration red→brown→black, GI pain, photosensitivity

Clomiphene

Brand: Clomid

Subclass: SERM

PK: t½ 5 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 150 day

moderate
AE: Ovarian enlargement, hot flashes, visual disturbances

Clomipramine

Brand: Anafranil (US/EU) / Clonil (IN) / Clomicalm (BD)

Subclass: TCA (Tricyclic antidepressant)

PK: t½ 32 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 250 day

severe
AE: Sexual dysfunction, weight gain, constipation, arrhythmias, seizure threshold lowering

Clonazepam

Brand: Klonopin (US/EU) / Lonazep (IN) / Clonapam (BD)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine anxiolytic (GABA-A positive allosteric modulator)

PK: t½ 34 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 4 day

severe
AE: Sedation, confusion, impaired coordination, dependence, withdrawal seizures

Clonidine

Brand: Catapres (US/EU) / Arkamin (IN) / Clonid (BD)

Subclass: Centrally acting α₂-adrenergic agonist

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 0.9 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, dry mouth, bradycardia, rebound hypertension, constipation

Clopidogrel

Brand: Plavix (US/EU) / Clopitab (IN) / Clopivas (IN) / Clopid (BD)

Subclass: P2Y12 inhibitor (thienopyridine, prodrug)

PK: t½ 8 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Bleeding (GI/intracranial), dyspepsia, rash; RARE: thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), neutropenia

Cloxacillin

Brand: Orbenin (EU) / Cloxacil (IN/BD)

Subclass: Anti-staphylococcal penicillin

PK: t½ 0.8 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 4000 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, rash, cholestatic hepatitis (rare but well-known)

Cobimetinib

Brand: Cotellic (global)

Subclass: MEK inhibitor

PK: t½ 44 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 60 day

severe
AE: Rhabdomyolysis, CPK elevation, serous retinopathy, diarrhea

Cotrimoxazole (TMP-SMX)

Brand: Bactrim (US/EU) / Septran (IN) / Cotrim (BD)

Subclass: Folate pathway inhibitor combo (TMP+SMX)

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 640 day

severe
AE: Rash (SJS/TEN rare), hyperkalemia, bone marrow suppression, photosensitivity

Crizotinib

Brand: Xalkori (global)

Subclass: ALK / ROS1 inhibitor (1st gen)

PK: t½ 42 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 500 day

moderate
AE: Visual disturbances (common), QT prolongation, hepatotoxicity, GI upset, bradycardia

Cycloserine

Brand: Seromycin (global) / Cyslin (IN)

Subclass: Anti-TB (D-alanine analog)

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 750 day

life-threatening
AE: Depression, psychosis, suicidal ideation, seizures

Cytarabine

Brand: DepoCyt (liposomal) / Cytarabine generic

Subclass: Antimetabolite (pyrimidine analogue)

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, cerebellar toxicity (high dose), conjunctivitis

Dabigatran

Brand: Pradaxa (US/EU) / Dabistar (IN) / Drabi (IN/BD)

Subclass: NOAC / DOAC (Thrombin IIa inhibitor)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Bleeding (GI > cerebral), dyspepsia, gastritis-like symptoms due to acidic core, rare hypersensitivity

Dabrafenib

Brand: Tafinlar (global)

Subclass: BRAF inhibitor (V600E/K)

PK: t½ 8 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Fever, hyperglycemia, skin reactions, uveitis

Dapagliflozin

Brand: Farxiga (US/EU) / Forxiga (EU) / Dapa (IN/BD)

Subclass: SGLT2 inhibitor

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Genital mycotic infections, polyuria, volume depletion, rare euglycemic DKA

Dasatinib

Brand: Sprycel (US/EU) / Dasatinib (IN/BD)

Subclass: BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 140 day

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, pleural effusion, pulmonary hypertension

Daunorubicin

Brand: Cerubidine (global) / Daunoblastin (IN/BD)

Subclass: Anthracycline (topoisomerase II inhibitor)

PK: t½ 19 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Myelosuppression, cardiomyopathy, mucositis, red/orange urine

Delamanid

Brand: Deltyba (global)

Subclass: Anti-TB (nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole)

PK: t½ 38 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

severe
AE: QT prolongation, GI upset, hypokalemia

Dexamethasone

Brand: Dexona

Subclass: Long-acting Glucocorticoid

PK: t½ 48 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 16 day

moderate
AE: Hyperglycemia, insomnia, muscle wasting

Diazepam

Brand: Valium (US/EU) / Calmpose (IN) / Dzpam (BD)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine anxiolytic (GABA-A positive allosteric modulator)

PK: t½ 48 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

severe
AE: Sedation, confusion, ataxia, respiratory depression, dependence

Diclofenac

Brand: Voveran

Subclass: COX inhibitor / Acetic acid derivative

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 150 day

severe
AE: Gastritis, dyspepsia, edema, elevated liver enzymes, renal function decline RARE: GI bleeding, CV risk (MI/stroke) higher than ibuprofen

Diethylcarbamazine

Brand: Hetrazan / DEC

Subclass: Microfilaricidal agent

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Fever, headache, dizziness, nausea; allergic reactions due to microfilarial death (Mazzotti-type). Rare: proteinuria, leukocytosis.

Diloxanide Furoate

Brand: Furoxone / Diloxanide

Subclass: Luminal amoebicide

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic

mild
AE: Flatulence, pruritus, nausea

Diltiazem

Brand: Cardizem (US/EU) / Angizem (IN) / Dilzem (BD)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Benzothiazepine)

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 360 day

moderate
AE: Edema, bradycardia, headache, flushing, hypotension

Dipyridamole

Brand: Persantine (US/EU) / Pdyl (IN) / Aggrenox-combo (BD)

Subclass: PDE inhibitor (vasodilatory antiplatelet)

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

mild
AE: Headache, flushing, hypotension, dizziness, GI upset

Divalproex Sodium

Brand: Depakote (US) / Divaa (IN) / Divalon (BD)

Subclass: GABA agonist / HDAC inhibitor

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 60 day

severe
AE: Hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, tremor, sedation, weight gain, hair loss

Docetaxel

Brand: Taxotere (global) / Daxotel (IN/BD)

Subclass: Taxane (microtubule stabilizer)

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Neutropenia, peripheral edema/fluid retention, mucositis, nail changes

Donepezil

Brand: Aricept (US/EU) / Donepezil (IN/BD)

Subclass: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (centrally acting)

PK: t½ 70 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 23 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, insomnia, muscle cramps, dizziness, bradycardia, syncope

Dopamine

Brand: Dopamine (global)

Subclass: Catecholamine inotrope/vasopressor

PK: t½ 0.0333 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Tachyarrhythmias, myocardial ischemia; extravasation injury

Doxycycline

Brand: Vibramycin (US/EU) / Doxy-1 (IN) / Doxicap (BD)

Subclass: Tetracycline

PK: t½ 18 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 200 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, photosensitivity, esophagitis if taken lying down

Dulaglutide

Brand: Trulicity

Subclass: GLP-1 receptor agonist (once-weekly)

PK: t½ 5 days | Clearance: other
Max Dose: 4.5 week

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, decreased appetite

Duloxetine

Brand: Cymbalta (US/EU) / Duzela (IN) / Dulox (BD)

Subclass: SNRI (Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 120 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, dry mouth, constipation, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, increased sweating, hepatotoxicity risk

Durvalumab

Brand: Imfinzi (global) / Durvalumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

PK: t½ 432 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 day

life-threatening
AE: Immune pneumonitis, hepatitis, colitis, endocrinopathy

Edoxaban

Brand: Lixiana (EU/JP) / Savaysa (US) / Edoxo (IN) / Edosafe (IN) / Edoxava (BD)

Subclass: NOAC / DOAC (Xa inhibitor)

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 60 day

moderate
AE: Bleeding (GI > intracranial), anemia, rare hepatic dysfunction

Empagliflozin

Brand: Jardiance (US/EU) / Empa (IN) / Empaglo (BD)

Subclass: SGLT2 inhibitor

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 25 day

moderate
AE: Genital mycotic infections, polyuria, volume depletion, rare euglycemic DKA

Enalapril

Brand: Vasotec (US/EU) / Enam (IN) / Enapril (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (prodrug)

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, hypotension, rare angioedema

Encorafenib

Brand: Braftovi (global)

Subclass: BRAF inhibitor (V600E/K)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 450 day

moderate
AE: QT prolongation, ocular toxicity, hepatotoxicity, fatigue

Enoxaparin

Brand: Clexane / Lovenox

Subclass: Factor Xa–predominant LMWH

PK: t½ 4.5 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Bleeding, injection-site hematoma, rare HIT (much lower risk than UFH)

Entacapone

Brand: Comtan (US/EU) / Entacom (IN) / Enta (BD)

Subclass: COMT inhibitor

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2000 day

moderate
AE: Diarrhea, orange discoloration of urine, dyskinesias (due to ↑ levodopa effect)

Entrectinib

Brand: Rozlytrek (global)

Subclass: NTRK / ROS1 inhibitor

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Edema, dizziness, cognitive changes, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, CHF risk

Ephedrine

Brand: Ephedrine Sulfate (global)

Subclass: Alpha + Beta agonist; indirect NE releaser

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 150 day

moderate
AE: Tachycardia, insomnia, anxiety, hypertension

Epirubicin

Brand: Ellence (global)

Subclass: Anthracycline (topoisomerase II inhibitor)

PK: t½ 30 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Myelosuppression, cardiotoxicity, mucositis, alopecia

Eptifibatide

Brand: Integrilin (US/EU) / Eptifiban (IN) / Eptif (BD)

Subclass: GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (IV, cyclic peptide)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia, hypotension, back pain

Erlotinib

Brand: Tarceva (US/EU) / Erlotinib (IN/BD)

Subclass: EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

PK: t½ 36 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 150 day

severe
AE: Rash, diarrhoea, hepatotoxicity, interstitial lung disease (rare)

Ertugliflozin

Brand: Steglatro (US/EU)

Subclass: SGLT2 inhibitor

PK: t½ 17 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 15 day

moderate
AE: Genital infections, polyuria, dehydration, euglycemic DKA (rare)

Erythromycin

Brand: Erycin (US/EU) / Erythrocin (IN/BD)

Subclass: Macrolide

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2000 day

severe
AE: Severe GI upset, QT prolongation, hepatotoxicity

Escitalopram

Brand: Lexapro (US/EU) / Nexito (IN) / Espram (BD)

Subclass: SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 27 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Insomnia, nausea, headache, sexual dysfunction

Eszopiclone

Brand: Lunesta (US) / Eszopira (IN) / Zpix (BD)

Subclass: Non-benzodiazepine Z-drug (GABA-A modulator)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 3 day

moderate
AE: Dysgeusia (metallic/bitter taste), dizziness, next-day impairment, dry mouth

Etanercept

Brand: Enbrel / Intacept

Subclass: TNF-alpha inhibitor (receptor-Fc fusion protein)

PK: t½ 4 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

severe
AE: Injection-site reactions, serious infections (TB, fungal), reactivation of HBV, demyelinating disease, neutropenia

Ethambutol

Brand: Myambutol (US/EU) / Combutol (IN) / Ethambut (BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (cell wall arabinosyl transferase inhibitor)

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 1200 day

severe
AE: Optic neuritis (↓visual acuity, red-green dyschromatopsia), rash

Ethionamide

Brand: Trecator (global) / Ethide (IN/BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (isonicotinic acid thioamide)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 750 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, metallic taste, hepatotoxicity, hypothyroidism

Ethosuximide

Brand: Zarontin (US/EU) / Emeside (UK) / Ethosuximide (IN/BD)

Subclass: T-type calcium channel blocker

PK: t½ 60 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, nausea, lethargy, headache; rare blood dyscrasias, SJS

Etoricoxib

Brand: Etorix / Nucoxia / Tauxib (IN/BD generics)

Subclass: Selective COX-2 inhibitor

PK: t½ 22 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 120 day

severe
AE: Dyspepsia, abdominal pain, edema, hypertension, headache, dizziness; increased risk of thrombotic cardiovascular events and, less than non-selective NSAIDs, but still possible…

Exemestane

Brand: Aromasin (global)

Subclass: Aromatase inhibitor (steroidal)

PK: t½ 27 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 25 day

moderate
AE: Hot flashes, arthralgia, fatigue, bone loss

Exenatide

Brand: Byetta (BID) / Bydureon (weekly ER)

Subclass: GLP-1 receptor agonist

PK: t½ 2.4 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache; injection-site reactions (ER)

Felbamate

Brand: Felbatol (US) / Felbamate (generic)

Subclass: NMDA receptor antagonist / GABA enhancer

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 3600 day

life-threatening
AE: Weight loss, insomnia, headache; **aplastic anemia**, **acute hepatic failure** (boxed warnings)

Flumazenil

Brand: Romazicon (US/EU)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine antagonist

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Seizures, agitation, arrhythmias

Fluorouracil

Brand: Adrucil (global) / 5-FU (standard generic)

Subclass: Antimetabolite (pyrimidine analogue)

PK: t½ 0.25 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, mucositis, cardiotoxicity (rare), diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome

Fluoxetine

Brand: Prozac (US/EU) / Flunil (IN) / Flux (BD)

Subclass: SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 96 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 80 day

moderate
AE: Insomnia, anxiety activation, GI upset, sexual dysfunction

Fondaparinux

Brand: Arixtra (US/EU) / Fondared (IN) / Fondazest (IN) / Fondaplex (BD)

Subclass: Synthetic factor Xa inhibitor (parenteral)

PK: t½ 17 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Bleeding, injection-site hematoma, anemia

Fulvestrant

Brand: Faslodex (global)

Subclass: SERD

PK: t½ 40 days | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Injection site pain, liver enzyme elevation, hot flashes

Furazolidone

Brand: Furoxone

Subclass: Nitrofuran antiprotozoal

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: GI upset, rash, hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

Furosemide

Brand: Lasix (US/EU) / Lasilactone (IN) / Furodex (BD)

Subclass: Loop diuretic

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 600 day

severe
AE: Dehydration, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, ototoxicity, hypotension

Gabapentin

Brand: Neurontin (US/EU) / Gabastar (IN) / Gabamax (BD)

Subclass: Anti-epileptic / Neuropathic pain

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 3600 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, dizziness, peripheral edema

Gefitinib

Brand: Iressa (US/EU/IN)

Subclass: EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

PK: t½ 48 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 250 day

moderate
AE: Rash, diarrhoea, hepatotoxicity

Gemcitabine

Brand: Gemzar (global) / Gemcitabine (IN/BD generic)

Subclass: Antimetabolite (pyrimidine analogue)

PK: t½ 0.7 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Myelosuppression, flu-like syndrome, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity (rare)

Glibenclamide

Brand: Glynase (US) / Daonil (IN) / Glybenta (BD)

Subclass: Sulfonylurea (insulin secretagogue)

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

severe
AE: Severe hypoglycemia, weight gain, dizziness

Gliclazide

Brand: Diamicron (US/EU) / Glynase (IN) / Gliclade (BD)

Subclass: Sulfonylurea (insulin secretagogue)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 320 day

moderate
AE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, rash (rare)

Glipizide

Brand: Glucotrol (US) / Glip (IN) / Gliplon (BD)

Subclass: Sulfonylurea (insulin secretagogue)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, dizziness, rash

Golimumab

Brand: Simponi / Golimumax

Subclass: TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody (IgG1κ)

PK: t½ 14 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

severe
AE: Serious infections (TB, fungal), injection reactions, hepatotoxicity, demyelinating disease, CHF exacerbation

Guselkumab

Brand: Tremfya

Subclass: IL-23 (p19) monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 16 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

moderate
AE: URTIs, headache, injection site reactions, arthralgia, diarrhea

Haloperidol

Brand: Haldol (US/EU) / Serenace (IN) / Halopex (BD)

Subclass: Typical antipsychotic (high-potency D2 antagonist)

PK: t½ 21 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 20 day

severe
AE: Extrapyramidal symptoms, akathisia, dystonia, QT prolongation, hyperprolactinemia, NMS

HCG

Brand: Ovidrel

Subclass: Gonadotropin

PK: t½ 36 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Ovarian hyperstimulation, headache, abdominal pain

Heparin

Brand: Heparin Sodium / Unfractionated Heparin

Subclass: Unfractionated (IV/SC)

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: other

severe
AE: Bleeding, HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), osteoporosis with long-term use, hypersensitivity reactions

Hydralazine

Brand: Apresoline (US/EU) / Hydrin (IN) / Hydral (BD)

Subclass: Direct vasodilator (Arteriolar)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Headache, flushing, tachycardia, edema, lupus-like syndrome

Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Microzide (US/EU) / Esidrex (IN) / HCTZ (BD)

Subclass: Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, dizziness

Hydrocortisone

Brand: Cortef

Subclass: Short-acting

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 240 day

moderate
AE: Fluid retention, mood changes, adrenal suppression

Hydroxychloroquine

Brand: HCQ / Plaquenil

Subclass: 4-aminoquinoline derivative

PK: t½ 45 days | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Retinopathy, QT prolongation, hypoglycemia, GI upset, rash, pruritus, dizziness.

Ibuprofen

Brand: Advil / Brufen / Motrin

Subclass: Analgesic / Antipyretic /Propionic acid derivative

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2400 day

severe
AE: Gastric irritation, dyspepsia, nausea, fluid retention, renal function decline (dose-dependent), **RARE: severe cutaneous reactions including Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS)/TEN**

Idarubicin

Brand: Idamycin (global)

Subclass: Anthracycline (topoisomerase II inhibitor)

PK: t½ 22 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting, mucositis

Imatinib

Brand: Gleevec (US/EU) / Imatinib (IN/BD)

Subclass: BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

PK: t½ 18 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 800 day

moderate
AE: Fluid retention, edema, N/V, rash, cytopenias

Imipramine

Brand: Tofranil (US/EU) / Depsonil (IN) / Imipra (BD)

Subclass: TCA (Tricyclic antidepressant)

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

severe
AE: Anticholinergic effects, sedation, orthostatic hypotension, arrhythmias

Indapamide

Brand: Natrilix / Lozol

Subclass: Thiazide-like diuretic

PK: t½ 16 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2.5 day

moderate
AE: Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, dizziness

Indomethacin

Brand: Indocap, Indomet (IN/BD), Indocin (global)

Subclass: Indole acetic acid derivative

PK: t½ 4.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

moderate
AE: Severe gastric irritation, headache, dizziness, CNS effects, renal impairment, edema, hypertension

Infliximab

Brand: Remicade / Inflectra

Subclass: TNF-alpha inhibitor (chimeric mAb)

PK: t½ 9.5 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

severe
AE: Infusion reactions, severe infections (TB, fungal), hepatotoxicity, reactivation of hepatitis B, demyelination, heart failure exacerbation

Insulin Degludec

Brand: Tresiba (US/EU)

Subclass: Ultra-long basal insulin

PK: t½ 25 hours | Clearance: other

severe
AE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, injection-site reactions

Insulin Detemir U100

Brand: Levemir (US/EU)

Subclass: Basal insulin (long-acting)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: other

severe
AE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, injection-site reactions

Insulin Glargine U100

Brand: Lantus (US/EU) / Basalog (IN) / Basugine (BD)

Subclass: Basal insulin (long-acting)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: other

severe
AE: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, lipodystrophy at injection site

Ipilimumab

Brand: Yervoy (global) / Ipilimumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: CTLA-4 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

PK: t½ 360 hours | Clearance: other
Max Dose: 3 day

life-threatening
AE: Severe immune-mediated colitis, hepatitis, dermatitis, endocrine failure

Iron: Ferrous fumarate

Subclass: Iron supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Iron: Ferrous gluconate

Subclass: Iron supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Iron: Ferrous sulfate

Subclass: Iron supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Isoniazid

Brand: INH (global) / Isonex (IN/BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (Hydrazide)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

severe
AE: Peripheral neuropathy, hepatotoxicity

Isoprenaline

Brand: Isuprel

Subclass: Non-selective β-agonist

PK: t½ 0.05 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Tachycardia, palpitations, arrhythmias, flushing, tremor, headache, hypotension

Isosorbide Dinitrate

Brand: Isordil (US/EU) / Sorbitrate (IN) / Isodinit (BD)

Subclass: Organic nitrate vasodilator

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 120 day

moderate
AE: Headache, hypotension, flushing, syncope, reflex tachycardia

Isosorbide Mononitrate

Brand: Monoket (US/EU) / Imdur (US/EU) / Monotrate (IN) / Isomack (BD)

Subclass: Organic nitrate vasodilator

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 120 day

moderate
AE: Headache, hypotension, dizziness, flushing, syncope

Ivermectin

Brand: Stromectol / Ivermectin (generic)

Subclass: Macrocyclic lactone (Avermectin)

PK: t½ 18 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Dizziness; pruritus; rash; lymphadenitis; Mazzotti reaction in onchocerciasis

Ixekizumab

Brand: Taltz

Subclass: IL-17A monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 13 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

moderate
AE: Injection site reactions, infections (URTI, candidiasis), neutropenia, inflammatory bowel disease flare

Ketorolac

Brand: Toradol (global) / Ketanov, Ketorol (IN/BD)

Subclass: Pyrrolo-pyridine carboxylic acid derivative

PK: t½ 5.3 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 120 day

severe
AE: Severe GI bleeding, renal failure, hypertension, dizziness, injection site pain

Labetalol

Brand: Trandate (US/EU) / Labeta (IN) / Labocard (BD)

Subclass: Combined α₁ + β blocker

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1200 day

moderate
AE: Postural hypotension (esp. after IV), fatigue, bradycardia, nasal congestion, scalp tingling

Lamotrigine

Brand: Lamictal (US/EU) / Lamitor (IN) / Lamotrin (BD)

Subclass: Sodium channel blocker / glutamate release inhibitor

PK: t½ 29 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

severe
AE: Rash (can progress to SJS/TEN), dizziness, diplopia, headache

Lapatinib

Brand: Tykerb (global)

Subclass: HER2 / EGFR dual TKI

PK: t½ 14 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1250 day

moderate
AE: Diarrhoea, hepatotoxicity, rash, cardiotoxicity

Larotrectinib

Brand: Vitrakvi (global)

Subclass: NTRK selective inhibitor

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, fatigue, nausea, hepatotoxicity

Lenalidomide

Brand: Revlimid (global)

Subclass: Immunomodulatory agent (IMiD)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: renal

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, thrombosis, fatigue, rash

Letrozole

Brand: Femara

Subclass: Aromatase Inhibitor

PK: t½ 2 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 7.5 day

moderate
AE: Hot flashes, headache, arthralgia, fatigue

Levetiracetam

Brand: Keppra (US/EU) / Levipil (IN) / Levepsy (BD)

Subclass: SV2A modulator

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 3000 day

moderate
AE: Somnolence, fatigue, behavioral irritability, mood changes

Levofloxacin

Brand: Levaquin (US/EU) / Levoday (IN) / Levox (BD)

Subclass: Fluoroquinolone (respiratory)

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 750 day

severe
AE: Tendonitis, QT prolongation, dysglycemia, CNS effects

Linagliptin

Brand: Tradjenta (US/EU) / Trajenta (IN) / Linapta (BD)

Subclass: DPP-4 inhibitor

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 5 day

mild
AE: Nasopharyngitis, cough, rare pancreatitis, joint pain

Linezolid

Brand: Zyvox (global) / Linox (IN/BD)

Subclass: Oxazolidinone (MDR-TB + MRSA/VRE)

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 600 day

severe
AE: Bone marrow suppression, thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy, serotonin syndrome

Liraglutide

Brand: Victoza (T2DM) / Saxenda (Weight loss)

Subclass: GLP-1 receptor agonist

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: other
Max Dose: 1.8 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea/constipation, decreased appetite, injection-site reactions

Lisinopril

Brand: Zestril (US/EU) / Lisoril (IN) / Lisonorm (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (not a prodrug)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, hypotension, rare angioedema

Lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Zestoretic

Subclass: ACEI + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Cough, dizziness, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia

Lixisenatide

Brand: Adlyxin / Lyxumia

Subclass: GLP-1 receptor agonist (once-daily)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache

Loperamide

Brand: Imodium (US/EU) / Eldoper (IN) / Loperamide (BD)

Subclass: Peripheral μ-opioid receptor agonist

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 16 day

severe
AE: Constipation, ileus; QT prolongation at overdose

Lorazepam

Brand: Ativan (US/EU) / Lorax (IN) / Loram (BD)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine anxiolytic (GABA-A positive allosteric modulator)

PK: t½ 14 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 6 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, confusion, impaired coordination, dependence

Lorlatinib

Brand: Lorbrena (global)

Subclass: ALK inhibitor (3rd gen)

PK: t½ 24 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Cognitive/mood changes, hyperlipidemia, neuropathy, edema, weight gain

Losartan

Brand: Cozaar (US/EU) / Losar (IN) / Losakind (IN) / Lorista (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia (less than ACEIs), renal function changes; rare angioedema

Losartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Hyzaar

Subclass: ARB + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Hypotension, dizziness, hyperkalemia, electrolyte imbalance

Magnesium: Magnesium oxide

Subclass: Magnesium supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Magnesium: Magnesium sulfate

Subclass: Magnesium (parenteral)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Mebendazole

Brand: Vermox / Meben (generic)

Subclass: Benzimidazole anthelmintic

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, transient ↑LFTs; Rare: neutropenia with prolonged use

Mefloquine

Brand: Lariam / generic mefloquine

Subclass: Quinoline-methanol

PK: t½ 20 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 week

severe
AE: Neuropsychiatric reactions (anxiety, depression, nightmares, psychosis), dizziness, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, rare seizures.

Megestrol Acetate

Brand: Megace (US/EU) / Megetrol (IN) / Megace (BD)

Subclass: Progestin (appetite stimulant)

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 800 day

severe
AE: Thromboembolism, adrenal suppression, edema, hyperglycemia

Meloxicam

Brand: Mobic (global) / Melocam, Meloxic (IN/BD)

Subclass: Oxicam derivative (preferential COX-2 inhibitor)

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 15 day

moderate
AE: Dyspepsia, nausea, edema, increased BP, renal impairment; rare SJS/TEN

Memantine

Brand: Namenda (US/EU) / Ebixa (EU) / Memantine (IN/BD)

Subclass: NMDA receptor antagonist (uncompetitive)

PK: t½ 70 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, headache, confusion, constipation, hypertension, somnolence

Mesalazine

Brand: Asacol (US/EU) / Pentasa (US/EU) / Mesacol (IN) / Salofalk (BD)

Subclass: 5-Aminosalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory)

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 4800 day

moderate
AE: Headache, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea; rare nephrotoxicity, myocarditis

Metformin

Brand: Glucophage / Glycomet (IN) / Diabetmin (BD)

Subclass: Biguanide

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 2550 day

moderate
AE: Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, diarrhea, metallic taste), B12 deficiency with long-term use, RARE: lactic acidosis (risk in renal/hepatic/cardiac failure)

Methotrexate

Brand: Trexall (global) / Methotrexate (IN/BD generic)

Subclass: Antimetabolite (antifolate)

PK: t½ 8 hours | Clearance: renal

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, nephrotoxicity at high dose

Methyldopa

Brand: Aldomet (US/EU) / Dopamet (IN) / Methyldop (BD)

Subclass: Centrally acting α₂-adrenergic agonist (Prodrug)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 2000 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, dry mouth, fatigue, hemolytic anemia, hepatic dysfunction

Metoprolol

Brand: Lopressor (US/EU) / Metocard (IN) / Betaloc (IN) / Metoprolol (BD)

Subclass: Beta-1 selective blocker

PK: t½ 3.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue

Metronidazole

Brand: Flagyl (US/EU) / Metrogyl (IN) / Metrix (BD)

Subclass: Nitroimidazole (anaerobes, protozoa)

PK: t½ 8 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 day

moderate
AE: Metallic taste, GI upset, neuropathy (prolonged), disulfiram-like reaction with alcohol

Midazolam

Brand: Versed (US/EU) / Mezolam (IN) / Midatin (BD)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine sedative (GABA-A positive allosteric modulator)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

severe
AE: Severe respiratory depression, hypotension, apnea, amnesia

Midodrine

Brand: ProAmatine / Gutron

Subclass: Alpha-1 selective agonist

PK: t½ 0.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 30 day

moderate
AE: Supine hypertension, piloerection, pruritus, urinary retention

Minoxidil

Brand: Loniten (US/EU) / Mintop (IN) / Regain (BD)

Subclass: Direct vasodilator (Potassium channel opener)

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

severe
AE: Edema, tachycardia, hypertrichosis, pericardial effusion

Mirtazapine

Brand: Remeron (US/EU) / Mirtaz (IN) / Remer (BD)

Subclass: NaSSA (Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant)

PK: t½ 30 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 45 day

moderate
AE: Weight gain, increased appetite, sedation, dry mouth

Moxifloxacin

Brand: Avelox (US/EU) / Moxicip (IN) / Moxet (BD)

Subclass: Fluoroquinolone (respiratory)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

severe
AE: QT prolongation, tendonitis, CNS effects, dysglycemia

Moxonidine

Brand: Physiotens (EU) / Moxcent (IN) / Moxon (BD)

Subclass: Imidazoline receptor agonist (centrally acting)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 0.6 day

mild
AE: Dry mouth, headache, dizziness, fatigue, bradycardia

Naloxone

Brand: Narcan (US/EU) / Nalox (IN/BD)

Subclass: Opioid antagonist

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Acute withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients, agitation, hypertension

Naproxen

Brand: Napa-Extend

Subclass: Propionic acid derivative

PK: t½ 14 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 1000 day

moderate
AE: GI irritation, edema

Nebivolol

Brand: Bystolic (US/EU) / Nebicard (IN) / Nebilet (BD)

Subclass: Beta-1 selective blocker with vasodilatory action

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Headache, dizziness, fatigue, bradycardia, paresthesia

Neratinib

Brand: Nerlynx (global)

Subclass: HER2 irreversible TKI

PK: t½ 17 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 240 day

severe
AE: Severe diarrhoea, hepatotoxicity, nausea, stomatitis

Niclosamide

Brand: Niclocide / Niclosan

Subclass: Anthelmintic (tapeworm)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2000 day

mild
AE: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort; rare pruritus

Nifedipine

Brand: Adalat (US/EU) / Nicardia (IN) / Nifedip (BD)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Dihydropyridine)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 120 day

moderate
AE: Headache, flushing, dizziness, ankle edema, reflex tachycardia

Nilotinib

Brand: Tasigna (US/EU) / Nilotinib (IN/BD)

Subclass: BCR-ABL Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor

PK: t½ 17 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 800 day

life-threatening
AE: QT prolongation, sudden death risk, hyperglycemia, hepatic toxicity

Niraparib

Brand: Zejula (global) / Niraparib (IN/BD)

Subclass: PARP inhibitor

PK: t½ 36 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: Thrombocytopenia, hypertension, nausea, fatigue

Nitazoxanide

Brand: Alinia / Nizonide (IN/BD)

Subclass: Antiprotozoal / Antihelminthic

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Abdominal pain, nausea, headache, elevated LFTs

Nitrofurantoin

Brand: Macrobid/Macrodantin (US/EU) / Nitrofur (IN/BD)

Subclass: Nitrofuran (urinary antiseptic)

PK: t½ 0.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, headache; rare pulmonary/hepatic toxicity with long-term use

Nitroglycerin

Brand: Nitrostat (US/EU) / Angised (IN) / Nitroglycerin (BD)

Subclass: Organic nitrate vasodilator

PK: t½ 0.3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 15 day

moderate
AE: Headache, flushing, hypotension, reflex tachycardia, dizziness, syncope

Noradrenaline

Brand: Norepinephrine (US/EU) / Norad (IN/BD)

Subclass: Catecholamine vasopressor

PK: t½ 0.0417 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Tachyarrhythmias, ischemia, peripheral vasoconstriction/necrosis if extravasated

Nortriptyline

Brand: Pamelor (US/EU) / Nortrilop (IN) / Nortrip (BD)

Subclass: TCA (Tricyclic antidepressant)

PK: t½ 30 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Dry mouth, constipation, arrhythmia risk, dizziness, sedation

Ofloxacin

Brand: Tarivid (US/EU) / Oflin (IN) / Oflax (BD)

Subclass: Fluoroquinolone

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 800 day

severe
AE: Tendinopathy, dysglycemia, CNS effects

Olanzapine

Brand: Zyprexa (US/EU) / Olzap (IN) / Olanzin (BD)

Subclass: Atypical antipsychotic (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)

PK: t½ 30 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 20 day

severe
AE: Severe weight gain, increased appetite, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, sedation, orthostatic hypotension

Olaparib

Brand: Lynparza (global) / Olaparib (IN/BD)

Subclass: PARP inhibitor

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Anemia, neutropenia, nausea, fatigue

Olmesartan

Brand: Benicar (US/EU) / Olkem (IN) / Olsar (IN) / Olmesar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension; rare sprue-like enteropathy presenting as chronic diarrhea

Olmesartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Benicar HCT

Subclass: ARB + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Hypotension, dizziness, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia

Opicapone

Brand: Ongentys (global)

Subclass: COMT inhibitor (peripheral, long-acting)

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Dyskinesia, constipation, hypotension, insomnia, elevated LFTs (rare)

Ornidazole

Brand: Ornida / Dazolic / Ornidazole (IN/BD generic)

Subclass: Nitroimidazole Antiprotozoal

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Nausea, metallic taste, dizziness, fatigue; rarely seizures or neuropathy.

Osimertinib

Brand: Tagrisso (global)

Subclass: EGFR TKI (3rd gen)

PK: t½ 48 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 80 day

severe
AE: QT prolongation, ILD/pneumonitis, diarrhea, rash

Oxaliplatin

Brand: Eloxatin (global)

Subclass: Platinum compound (DNA crosslinker)

PK: t½ 14 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Peripheral neuropathy (cold induced), nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, myelosuppression

Oxcarbazepine

Brand: Trileptal (US/EU) / Oxetol (IN) / Oxep (BD)

Subclass: Sodium channel blocker

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2400 day

moderate
AE: Hyponatremia (even more common than carbamazepine), dizziness, somnolence, rash

Paclitaxel

Brand: Taxol (global) / Paclitax (IN/BD)

Subclass: Taxane (microtubule stabilizer)

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy, hypersensitivity reactions, alopecia

Palbociclib

Brand: Ibrance (US/EU) / Palbociclib (IN/BD)

Subclass: CDK4/6 inhibitor

PK: t½ 29 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 125 day

severe
AE: Neutropenia, infections, stomatitis, fatigue

Paliperidone

Brand: Invega (US/EU) / Palidon (IN) / Invega Sustenna (LAI)

Subclass: Atypical antipsychotic (D2/5HT2A blocker)

PK: t½ 23 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 12 day

moderate
AE: Extrapyramidal symptoms, hyperprolactinemia, weight gain, akathisia

Paracetamol + Tramadol

Brand: Ultracet / Tramapar / Tramacet

Subclass: Opioid + Non-opioid analgesic (FDC)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 8 day

moderate
AE: Drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, constipation; hepatotoxicity at high doses; serotonin syndrome risk; respiratory depression at high doses

Paromomycin

Brand: Humatin / Paromomycin (generic)

Subclass: Aminoglycoside antiprotozoal (non-absorbed)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: mixed

mild
AE: GI upset, cramps; systemic toxicity rare

Paroxetine

Brand: Paxil (US/EU) / Paro-20 (IN) / Paxtin (BD)

Subclass: SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 21 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 50 day

moderate
AE: Dry mouth, constipation, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, withdrawal symptoms on abrupt cessation

Pembrolizumab

Brand: Keytruda (global)

Subclass: PD-1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor

PK: t½ 528 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

life-threatening
AE: Immune-mediated pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies, thyroid dysfunction

Pemetrexed

Brand: Alimta (global)

Subclass: Antimetabolite (multitargeted antifolate)

PK: t½ 3.5 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Myelosuppression, fatigue, rash, mucositis

Perampanel

Brand: Fycompa (US/EU) / Perampanel (IN/BD)

Subclass: AMPA receptor antagonist

PK: t½ 105 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 12 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, somnolence, ataxia, irritability, aggression, falls

Perindopril

Brand: Coversyl (US/EU) / Perigard (IN) / Perilace (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (prodrug, long-acting)

PK: t½ 30 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 8 day

moderate
AE: Cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, rare angioedema

Perindopril + Indapamide

Brand: Coversyl Plus

Subclass: ACE Inhibitor + Thiazide-like diuretic

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hypotension, hyponatremia

Pertuzumab

Brand: Perjeta (global) / Pertuzumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: HER2 monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 432 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 420 day

severe
AE: Diarrhoea, rash, neutropenia, infusion reactions; potential cardiotoxicity (esp. with trastuzumab); embryo-fetal toxicity

Phenytoin

Brand: Dilantin (US) / Eptoin (IN) / Dantoin (BD)

Subclass: Sodium channel blocker

PK: t½ 22 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 500 day

severe
AE: Ataxia, nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, rash, neuropathy

Phosphate: Sodium phosphate

Subclass: Electrolyte supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Pioglitazone

Brand: Actos (US/EU) / Pioz (IN) / Piobet (BD)

Subclass: Thiazolidinedione (PPAR-γ agonist)

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 45 day

moderate
AE: Weight gain, edema, fractures in women, rare bladder cancer risk

Piperacillin + Tazobactam

Brand: Zosyn (US/EU) / Pipzo (IN) / Piptaz (BD)

Subclass: Extended-spectrum penicillin + β-lactamase inhibitor

PK: t½ 1 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 18000 day

severe
AE: Diarrhea, rash, thrombocytopenia, electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia)

Piracetam

Brand: Nootropil (EU) / Piracetam (IN) / Lucetam (BD)

Subclass: Nootropic (GABA analog, neuronal membrane modulator)

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 4800 day

mild
AE: Nervousness, insomnia, agitation, weight gain, GI upset

Piroxicam

Brand: Feldene (global) / Pirox, Roxicam (IN/BD)

Subclass: Oxicam derivative

PK: t½ 50 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 20 day

severe
AE: Severe gastric ulceration, GI bleed, edema, renal worsening, rash (including SJS/TEN)

Pitavastatin

Brand: Livalo (US/EU) / Pivasta (IN) / Pitava (JP)

Subclass: Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 4 day

mild
AE: Myalgia, mild liver enzyme elevation

Pomalidomide

Brand: Pomalyst (global)

Subclass: Immunomodulatory agent (IMiD)

PK: t½ 7.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, fatigue, thrombosis risk, rash

Potassium: Potassium chloride

Subclass: Electrolyte supplement

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Pralsetinib

Brand: Gavreto (global)

Subclass: RET inhibitor

PK: t½ 22 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

severe
AE: Interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, neutropenia

Pramipexole

Brand: Mirapex (US/EU) / Pramirol (IN) / Pexola (BD)

Subclass: Dopamine agonist (D2/D3)

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 4.5 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, orthostatic hypotension, hallucinations, impulse control disorders (gambling, hypersexuality)

Prasugrel

Brand: Effient (US/EU) / Prasita (IN) / Prasurel (IN) / Prasugrel (BD)

Subclass: P2Y12 inhibitor (irreversible, prodrug)

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

severe
AE: Bleeding (higher risk than clopidogrel), easy bruising, anemia

Pravastatin

Brand: Pravachol (US/EU) / Pravator (IN) / Vastatin (BD)

Subclass: Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)

PK: t½ 1.8 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 80 day

mild
AE: Mild transaminitis, headache, mild GI upset

Praziquantel

Brand: Biltricide / Prazitel

Subclass: Anthelmintic (schistosomicide)

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 3600 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, headache, abdominal pain; transient fever due to worm death; urticaria rarely

Prazosin

Brand: Minipress (US/EU) / Prazopress (IN) / Prazo (BD)

Subclass: Selective α₁-adrenergic blocker

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Postural hypotension, dizziness, headache, palpitations, nasal congestion

Prednisolone

Brand: Pred

Subclass: Glucocorticoid

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 60 day

moderate
AE: Weight gain, mood changes, immunosuppression

Pregabalin

Brand: Lyrica (US/EU) / Pregaba (IN/BD)

Subclass: Neuropathic pain / Central sensitization

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, sedation, euphoria, edema, weight gain

Primaquine

Brand: Primaquine phosphate

Subclass: 8-aminoquinoline

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 30 day

severe
AE: GI upset, methemoglobinemia, dose-related hemolytic anemia (especially in G6PD deficiency).

Propranolol

Brand: Inderal (US/EU) / Ciplar (IN) / Propranolol (BD)

Subclass: Non-selective beta blocker

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 320 day

severe
AE: Fatigue, bradycardia, bronchospasm, sleep disturbance, vivid dreams

Pyrantel Pamoate

Brand: Pin-X / Pyrantel (IN-BD generic)

Subclass: Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (Helminths)

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: hepatic

mild
AE: Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dizziness, headache. Rare: elevated LFTs.

Pyrazinamide

Brand: PZA (global) / Zinamide (IN) / Pyrazide (BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (nicotinamide analog)

PK: t½ 9.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2000 day

severe
AE: Hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia → gout flares, GI upset

Quetiapine

Brand: Seroquel (US/EU) / Quitipin (IN) / Quetpin (BD)

Subclass: Atypical antipsychotic (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 800 day

moderate
AE: Sedation, orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia

Quinine

Brand: Quinimax / Quinine sulfate (generic)

Subclass: Cinchona alkaloid

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2000 day

severe
AE: Cinchonism (tinnitus, headache, nausea, visual disturbance), hypoglycaemia, hypotension (IV), QT prolongation, hemolysis in G6PD deficiency, rare thrombocytopenia.

Ramipril

Brand: Altace (US/EU) / Ramipres (IN) / Ramiace (BD)

Subclass: ACE inhibitor (prodrug)

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Dry cough, hyperkalemia, dizziness, renal function changes, angioedema (rare but serious)

Ranolazine

Brand: Ranexa (US/EU) / Ranozex (IN) / Ranolaz (BD)

Subclass: Late sodium-current inhibitor

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1000 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, constipation, nausea, headache, QT interval prolongation

Rasagiline

Brand: Azilect (US/EU) / Rasagin (IN) / Rasact (BD)

Subclass: MAO-B inhibitor

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1 day

moderate
AE: Headache, arthralgia, depression, nausea

Reserpine

Brand: Serpalan (US/EU) / Respin (IN) / Reserpine (BD)

Subclass: Adrenergic neuron blocker

PK: t½ 100 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 0.5 day

severe
AE: Depression, nasal congestion, diarrhea, bradycardia, sedation, peptic ulcer exacerbation

Ribociclib

Brand: Kisqali

Subclass: CDK4/6 inhibitor

PK: t½ 32 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

severe
AE: Neutropenia, hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation

Rifampicin

Brand: Rimactane (US/EU) / Rcin (IN/BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (Rifamycin)

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

severe
AE: Hepatotoxicity, orange urine/tears/sweat, flu-like syndrome

Risankizumab

Brand: Skyrizi

Subclass: IL-23 (p19) monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 28 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

moderate
AE: URTI, headache, injection site reactions, fatigue

Risperidone

Brand: Risperdal (US/EU) / Sizodon (IN) / Risp (BD)

Subclass: Atypical antipsychotic (D2/5-HT2A antagonist)

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 6 day

moderate
AE: Hyperprolactinemia, weight gain, metabolic syndrome, extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation

Rivaroxaban

Brand: Xarelto (US/EU) / Rivaxa (IN) / Rivarox (IN) / Xavira (BD)

Subclass: NOAC / DOAC (Xa inhibitor)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 20 day

moderate
AE: Bleeding (GI > cerebral), dyspepsia, rare hepatic injury

Rivastigmine

Brand: Exelon (US/EU) / Rivamer (IN) / Rivastigmine (BD)

Subclass: Cholinesterase inhibitor (AChE + BuChE; pseudo-irreversible)

PK: t½ 1.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 12 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia/weight loss, dizziness, bradycardia, syncope, tremor; patch: application-site reactions

Ropinirole

Brand: Requip (US/EU) / Ropin (IN) / Ropinex (BD)

Subclass: Dopamine agonist (D2)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 24 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, dizziness, hypotension, impulse control disorders

Rosuvastatin

Brand: Crestor (US/EU) / Rosuvas (IN) / Rosumix (BD)

Subclass: Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)

PK: t½ 19 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Myalgia, ALT elevation, rare rhabdomyolysis

Rotigotine

Brand: Neupro (global)

Subclass: Dopamine agonist (non-ergot, transdermal patch)

PK: t½ 5.7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 16 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, dizziness, somnolence, hallucinations, orthostatic hypotension, skin irritation at patch site

Roxithromycin

Brand: Roxid (IN) / Roxim (BD)

Subclass: Macrolide

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 300 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, mild QT prolongation

Rucaparib

Brand: Rubraca (global) / Rucaparib (IN/BD)

Subclass: PARP inhibitor

PK: t½ 17 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, anemia, increased ALT/AST

Safinamide

Brand: Xadago (global)

Subclass: MAO-B inhibitor (reversible, adjunct to levodopa)

PK: t½ 22 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 100 day

moderate
AE: Dyskinesia, insomnia, nausea, hypertension, visual disturbances

Salbutamol

Brand: Ventolin / ProAir / Asthalin (IN/BD)

Subclass: Short-acting β2 agonist (SABA)

PK: t½ 5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 32 day

mild
AE: Tremor, palpitations, hypokalemia, tachycardia

Secnidazole

Brand: Secnil / Secnidazole (IN/BD generic)

Subclass: Nitroimidazole Antiprotozoal

PK: t½ 20 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Nausea, abdominal discomfort, headache, metallic taste; rarely CNS effects.

Secukinumab

Brand: Cosentyx

Subclass: IL-17A monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 27 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

moderate
AE: Infections (URTI common), Candida infections, neutropenia, inflammatory bowel disease flare

Selegiline

Brand: Eldepryl (US/EU) / Selgin (IN) / Selgine (BD)

Subclass: MAO-B inhibitor

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Insomnia, jitteriness, nausea, hypertension if combined with tyramine-rich foods

Selpercatinib

Brand: Retevmo (global)

Subclass: RET inhibitor

PK: t½ 32 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 320 day

moderate
AE: Hypertension, hepatotoxicity, QT prolongation, dry mouth, edema

Selumetinib

Brand: Koselugo (global)

Subclass: MEK inhibitor

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Diarrhea, acneiform rash, fatigue, cardiomyopathy risk (↓LVEF)

Semaglutide

Brand: Ozempic (US/EU) / Rybelsus (oral) / Semaglu (IN/BD)

Subclass: GLP-1 receptor agonist (incretin mimetic)

PK: t½ 160 hours | Clearance: other
Max Dose: 2 week

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, risk of gallbladder disease; rare pancreatitis

Sertraline

Brand: Zoloft (US/EU) / Serlift (IN) / Sertral (BD)

Subclass: SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 26 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 200 day

moderate
AE: GI upset, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, headache, agitation

Simvastatin

Brand: Zocor (US/EU) / Simvotin (IN) / Simvas (BD)

Subclass: Statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

moderate
AE: Myopathy, liver enzyme rise, GI discomfort

Sitagliptin

Brand: Januvia (US/EU) / Istavel (IN) / Sitazid (BD)

Subclass: DPP-4 inhibitor

PK: t½ 12 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 100 day

mild
AE: Nasopharyngitis, headache, rare pancreatitis, joint pain

Sodium Valproate

Brand: Epilim (EU) / Valprol (IN) / Encorate (IN) / Gestalt (BD)

Subclass: GABA agonist / HDAC inhibitor

PK: t½ 14 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 60 day

severe
AE: Hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, tremor, sedation, weight gain, thrombocytopenia, hair loss

Spironolactone

Brand: Aldactone (US/EU) / Sactone (IN) / Spironol (BD)

Subclass: Potassium-sparing diuretic (Aldosterone antagonist)

PK: t½ 1.4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities, fatigue, dizziness

Streptomycin

Brand: Streptomycin (global) / Streptopen (IN) / Strepto (BD)

Subclass: Anti-TB (aminoglycoside)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 1000 day

severe
AE: Ototoxicity (vestibular > cochlear), nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade

Sulfasalazine

Brand: Azulfidine (US/EU) / Salazopyrin (EU) / Saaz (IN) / SulfaSalazine (BD)

Subclass: Azo-linked 5-ASA prodrug

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 4000 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, headache, rash, reversible oligospermia; hemolysis in G6PD deficiency

Talazoparib

Brand: Talzenna (global) / Talazoparib (IN/BD)

Subclass: PARP inhibitor

PK: t½ 90 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1 day

moderate
AE: Anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue

Tamoxifen

Brand: Nolvadex

Subclass: SERM

PK: t½ 6 days | Clearance: hepatic

Telmisartan

Brand: Micardis (US/EU) / Telma (IN) / Telsartan (IN) / Telsar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 24 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 80 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, mild GI upset; rare angioedema

Telmisartan + Hydrochlorothiazide

Brand: Micardis HCT

Subclass: ARB + Thiazide diuretic

PK: t½ 24 hours | Clearance: mixed

moderate
AE: Hyperkalemia, dizziness, renal impairment, hyponatremia

Temazepam

Brand: Restoril (US) / Temsun (IN) / Restozam (BD)

Subclass: Benzodiazepine hypnotic (GABA-A positive allosteric modulator)

PK: t½ 10 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 30 day

moderate
AE: Daytime drowsiness, impaired coordination, memory impairment, dependency

Teneligliptin

Brand: Tenepure/Tenepride (IN/BD)

Subclass: DPP-4 inhibitor

PK: t½ 24 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 40 day

mild
AE: Nasopharyngitis, mild GI upset, rare hepatic enzyme elevation

Terbutaline

Brand: Bricanyl (global)

Subclass: Short-acting β2 agonist (SABA)

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 15 day

moderate
AE: Tachycardia, tremors, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia

Thalidomide

Brand: Thalomid (global)

Subclass: Immunomodulatory agent (IMiD)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic

life-threatening
AE: Sedation, constipation, peripheral neuropathy, thrombosis risk

Ticagrelor

Brand: Brilinta (US/EU) / Ticawell (IN) / Ticaflo (IN) / Ticadro (BD)

Subclass: P2Y12 inhibitor (reversible, not a prodrug)

PK: t½ 7 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 180 day

Tinidazole

Brand: Tindamax (US) / Fasigyn (Global)

Subclass: Nitroimidazole Antiprotozoal

PK: t½ 12.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic

moderate
AE: Metallic taste, nausea, fatigue, dizziness; rare peripheral neuropathy; dark urine.

Tirofiban

Brand: Aggrastat (US/EU) / Aggril (IN) / Tirof (BD)

Subclass: GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (IV, small-molecule)

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: renal

moderate
AE: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia, hypotension

Tirzepatide

Brand: Mounjaro (US/EU) / Zepbound (US)

Subclass: Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist

PK: t½ 120 hours | Clearance: other
Max Dose: 15 week

moderate
AE: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, decreased appetite, delayed gastric emptying

Tolcapone

Brand: Tasmar (US/EU) / Tolcap (IN) / Tolcom (BD)

Subclass: COMT inhibitor

PK: t½ 2 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

severe
AE: Severe hepatotoxicity, diarrhea, dyskinesias, nausea

Topiramate

Brand: Topamax (US/EU) / Topamac (IN) / Topamax (BD)

Subclass: Sodium channel blocker / GABA enhancer / carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

PK: t½ 21 hours | Clearance: renal
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Paresthesia, cognitive slowing, word-finding difficulty, weight loss, kidney stones, metabolic acidosis

Tramadol

Brand: Ultram (US) / Tramazac (IN) / Tramafen (BD)

Subclass: Opioid analgesic (atypical)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 400 day

moderate
AE: Nausea, dizziness, somnolence, constipation, seizures, serotonin syndrome, respiratory depression

Trametinib

Brand: Mekinist (global)

Subclass: MEK inhibitor

PK: t½ 4 days | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 2 day

severe
AE: Cardiomyopathy, retinopathy, diarrhea, hypertension, ILD

Trastuzumab

Brand: Herceptin (global) / Trastuzumab (IN/BD)

Subclass: HER2 monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 684 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 6 day

severe
AE: Cardiomyopathy, infusion reactions, pulmonary toxicity

Tucatinib

Brand: Tukysa (global)

Subclass: HER2 selective TKI

PK: t½ 13 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 600 day

moderate
AE: Hepatotoxicity, diarrhoea, stomatitis, fatigue

Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Brand: Urso / Ursocol / Udiliv / Urshol / Urshocal

Subclass: Bile acid / Hepatoprotective agent

PK: t½ 4 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1500 day

moderate
AE: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, nausea, pruritus (occasionally), rare worsening of liver tests

Ustekinumab

Brand: Stelara

Subclass: IL-12/IL-23 monoclonal antibody

PK: t½ 21 days | Clearance: reticuloendothelial

moderate
AE: Infections (URTI), injection-site reactions, malignancy risk (rare), reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (very rare)

Valsartan

Brand: Diovan (US/EU) / Valzaar (IN) / Valsar (BD)

Subclass: Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)

PK: t½ 9 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 320 day

moderate
AE: Dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension; rare angioedema

Vemurafenib

Brand: Zelboraf (global)

Subclass: BRAF inhibitor (V600E)

PK: t½ 57 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 1920 day

moderate
AE: Photosensitivity, arthralgia, rash, QT prolongation

Venlafaxine

Brand: Effexor (US/EU) / Venlor (IN) / Venlafax (BD)

Subclass: SNRI (Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor)

PK: t½ 11 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 225 day

moderate
AE: Hypertension (dose-related), insomnia, nausea, sexual dysfunction, withdrawal symptoms

Verapamil

Brand: Calan (US) / Isoptin (IN/BD) / Covera-HS (EU)

Subclass: Calcium channel blocker (Phenylalkylamine)

PK: t½ 6 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 480 day

moderate
AE: Constipation, bradycardia, AV block, hypotension, dizziness

Vildagliptin

Brand: Galvus (EU/IN) / Vilda (BD)

Subclass: DPP-4 inhibitor

PK: t½ 3 hours | Clearance: mixed
Max Dose: 100 day

mild
AE: Nasopharyngitis, headache, rare hepatic enzyme rise

Vinblastine

Brand: Velbe (global) / Cytoblastin (IN/BD)

Subclass: Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor)

PK: t½ 25 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Myelosuppression, hair loss, nausea/vomiting

Vincristine

Brand: Cytocristin (IN/BD) / Oncovin (global)

Subclass: Vinca alkaloid (microtubule inhibitor)

PK: t½ 85 hours | Clearance: hepatic

severe
AE: Peripheral neuropathy, constipation/ileus, jaw pain, cranial nerve palsies

Vitamin A: Retinol

Subclass: Fat-soluble

PK: t½ 0 hours | Clearance: other

severe
AE: Hypervitaminosis A, hepatotoxicity, headache, teratogenicity (high dose)

Vitamin B1: Thiamine

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B12: Cyanocobalamin

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B12: Hydroxocobalamin

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B12: Methylcobalamin

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B2: Riboflavin

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B3: Niacin (Nicotinic acid)

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B3: Nicotinamide

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B5: Pantothenic acid

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B7: Biotin

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin B9: Folic acid

Subclass: Water-soluble (B-complex)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin C: Ascorbic acid

Subclass: Water-soluble

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin D: Calcitriol

Subclass: Active vitamin D (calcitriol)

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin D2: Ergocalciferol

Subclass: Fat-soluble

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin D3: Cholecalciferol

Subclass: Fat-soluble

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin E: Alpha-tocopherol

Subclass: Fat-soluble

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Vitamin K1: Phytonadione

Subclass: Fat-soluble

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Warfarin

Brand: Coumadin / Marevan / Warfilone

Subclass: Vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibitor

PK: t½ 36 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

severe
AE: Bleeding (GI, intracranial), skin necrosis (rare, protein C deficiency), purple toe syndrome, teratogenicity (fetal warfarin syndrome)

Zinc: Zinc sulfate

Subclass: Trace element

PK: t½ | Clearance:

Zolpidem

Brand: Ambien (US) / Stilnox (EU) / Zolfresh (IN) / Zolmate (BD)

Subclass: Non-benzodiazepine Z-drug (GABA-A modulator)

PK: t½ 2.5 hours | Clearance: hepatic
Max Dose: 10 day

moderate
AE: Sleepwalking, complex sleep behaviors, next-day impairment, dizziness