Pulmonary Vascular Disorders
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
Obstruction of pulmonary arterial flow (usually by thrombus from deep veins) causing ventilation–perfusion mismatch, hypoxemia, and sometimes hemodynamic collapse.
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Pulmonary Hypertension
Persistent elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure due to pulmonary vascular remodeling and/or increased pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to right heart strain and failure.
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Pulmonary Edema
Fluid accumulation in alveoli/interstitium due to raised hydrostatic pressure (cardiogenic) or increased permeability (non-cardiogenic), leading to hypoxemia and respiratory distress.
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