Hydrochlorothiazide
Brand: Microzide (US/EU) / Esidrex (IN) / HCTZ (BD)
Antihypertensive
Thiazide diuretic
Pharmacokinetics
| Half-life | 9 hours |
| Tmax | 2 h |
| Bioavailability | 70 % (approx) |
| Protein Binding | 65 % |
| Volume of Distribution | 3.6 L/kg (approx) |
| Clearance Route | renal |
| Active Metabolites | no |
| Notes | Primarily excreted unchanged in urine; effectiveness reduced when GFR <30 mL/min; often combined with ACEI or ARB. |
⚠️ Safety & Warnings
Severity: Moderate
Adverse Effects:
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, hyperglycemia, dizziness
Contraindications:
Anuria, sulfonamide allergy
Precautions:
Monitor electrolytes and renal function; may precipitate gout; caution in diabetes