Adrenaline
Brand: EpiPen / Adrenaline Injection 1:1000
Sympathomimetic
Alpha & Beta adrenergic agonist
Pharmacokinetics
| Half-life | 0.033 hours |
| Tmax | 0.17 h |
| Bioavailability | 0 % (approx) |
| Protein Binding | 50 % |
| Volume of Distribution | 0.5 L/kg (approx) |
| Clearance Route | mixed |
| Active Metabolites | Metanephrine, Normetanephrine, VMA |
| Notes | Extremely short plasma half-life (2–3 minutes); effect lasts longer due to receptor activation. |
⚠️ Safety & Warnings
Severity: Severe
Adverse Effects:
Palpitations, tachycardia, hypertension, anxiety, tremor, arrhythmias
Contraindications:
Relative: severe hypertension, ischemic heart disease (not applicable during emergencies)
Precautions:
Use cautiously in elderly/cardiac patients; IM preferred for anaphylaxis; avoid rapid IV bolus except in ACLS