Zolpidem
Brand: Ambien (US) / Stilnox (EU) / Zolfresh (IN) / Zolmate (BD)
Sedative/Hypnotic
Non-benzodiazepine Z-drug (GABA-A modulator)
Pharmacokinetics
| Half-life | 2.5 hours |
| Tmax | 1.5 h |
| Bioavailability | 70 % (approx) |
| Protein Binding | 92 % |
| Volume of Distribution | 0.54 L/kg (approx) |
| Clearance Route | hepatic |
| Active Metabolites | no |
| Notes | Rapid onset; avoid with alcohol; metabolism via CYP3A4 |
⚠️ Safety & Warnings
Severity: Moderate
Adverse Effects:
Sleepwalking, complex sleep behaviors, next-day impairment, dizziness
Contraindications:
History of complex sleep behaviors, severe hepatic impairment
Precautions:
Use lowest dose possible; avoid combining with alcohol or opioids; caution in elderly due to fall risk